Surat Yūnus (Jonah) - سورة يونس
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Sahih International
Have
  the  people  been  amazed  that  We  revealed  [revelation]  to  a  
man  from  among them,  [saying],  "Warn  mankind  and  give  good  
tidings  to  those  who  believe  that  they will  have  a  [firm]  
precedence  of  honor  with  their  Lord"?  [But]  the  disbelievers  
say, "Indeed,  this  is  an  obvious  magician."
Sahih International
Indeed,
  your  Lord  is Allah ,  who  created  the  heavens  and  the  earth  
in  six  days  and then  established  Himself  above  the  Throne,  
arranging  the  matter  [of  His  creation]. There  is  no  intercessor 
 except  after  His  permission.  That  is Allah ,  your  Lord,  so 
worship  Him.  Then  will  you  not  remember?
Sahih International
To
  Him  is  your  return  all  together.  [It  is]  the  promise  of 
Allah [which  is]  truth.  Indeed, He  begins  the  [process  of]  
creation  and  then  repeats  it  that  He  may  reward  those  who have
  believed  and  done  righteous  deeds,  in  justice.  But  those  who 
 disbelieved  will  have a  drink  of  scalding  water  and  a  painful 
 punishment  for  what  they  used  to  deny.
Sahih International
It
  is  He  who  made  the  sun  a  shining  light  and  the  moon  a  
derived  light  and determined  for  it  phases - that  you  may  know  
the  number  of  years  and  account  [of time]. Allah has  not  created
  this  except  in  truth.  He  details  the  signs  for  a  people  who
 know
Sahih International
Indeed,
  in  the  alternation  of  the  night  and  the  day  and  [in]  what 
Allah has  created  in the  heavens  and  the  earth  are  signs  for  a
  people  who  fear Allah
Sahih International
Indeed,
  those  who  do  not  expect  the  meeting  with  Us  and  are  
satisfied  with  the  life  of this  world  and  feel  secure  therein  
and  those  who  are  heedless  of  Our  signs
Sahih International
For  those  their  refuge  will  be  the  Fire  because  of  what  they  used  to  earn.
Sahih International
Indeed,
  those  who  have  believed  and  done  righteous  deeds - their  Lord 
 will  guide  them because  of  their  faith.  Beneath  them  rivers  
will  flow  in  the  Gardens  of  Pleasure
Sahih International
Their
  call  therein  will  be,  "Exalted  are  You,  O Allah ,"  and  their 
 greeting  therein  will  be, "Peace." And  the  last  of  their  call  
will  be, "Praise  to Allah ,  Lord  of  the  worlds!"
Sahih International
And
  if Allah was  to  hasten  for  the  people  the  evil  [they  invoke] 
 as  He  hastens  for  them the  good,  their  term  would  have  been  
ended for them.  But  We  leave  the  ones  who  do not  expect  the  
meeting  with  Us,  in  their  transgression,  wandering  blindly
Sahih International
And
  when  affliction  touches  man,  he  calls  upon  Us,  whether  lying 
 on  his  side  or  sitting or  standing; but  when  We  remove  from  
him  his  affliction,  he  continues  [in disobedience]  as  if  he  had
  never  called  upon  Us  to  [remove]  an  affliction  that  touched 
him.  Thus  is  made  pleasing  to  the  transgressors  that  which  
they  have  been  doing
Sahih International
And
  We  had  already  destroyed  generations  before  you  when  they  
wronged,  and  their messengers  had  come  to  them  with  clear  
proofs,  but  they  were  not  to  believe.  Thus  do We  recompense  
the  criminal  people
Sahih International
Then  We  made  you  successors  in  the  land  after  them  so  that  We  may  observe  how  you will  do.
Sahih International
And
  when  Our  verses  are  recited  to  them  as  clear  evidences,  
those  who  do  not  expect the  meeting  with  Us  say,  "Bring  us  a 
 Qur'an  other  than  this  or  change  it."  Say,  [O Muhammad],  "It  
is  not  for  me  to  change  it  on  my  own  accord.  I  only  follow 
 what  is revealed  to  me.  Indeed  I  fear,  if  I  should  disobey  
my  Lord,  the  punishment  of  a tremendous  Day."
Sahih International
Say,
  "If Allah had  willed,  I  would  not  have  recited  it  to  you,  
nor  would  He  have  made  it known  to  you,  for  I  had  remained  
among  you  a  lifetime  before  it.  Then  will  you  not reason?"
Sahih International
So
  who  is  more  unjust  than  he  who  invents  a  lie  about Allah or 
 denies  His  signs? Indeed,  the  criminals  will  not  succeed
Sahih International
And
  they  worship  other  than Allah that  which  neither  harms  them  
nor  benefits  them, and  they  say,  "These  are  our  intercessors  
with Allah "  Say,  "Do  you  inform Allah of something  He  does  not  
know  in  the  heavens  or  on  the  earth?"  Exalted  is  He  and  high
 above  what  they  associate  with  Him
Sahih International
And
  mankind  was  not  but  one  community  [united  in  religion],  but  
[then]  they  differed. And  if  not  for  a  word  that  preceded  from
  your  Lord,  it  would  have  been  judged  between them  
[immediately]  concerning  that  over  which  they  differ.
Sahih International
And
  they  say,  "Why  is  a  sign  not  sent  down  to  him  from  his  
Lord?"  So  say,  "The  unseen is  only  for Allah [to  administer],  so
  wait;  indeed,  I  am  with  you  among  those who  wait."
Sahih International
And
  when  We  give  the  people  a  taste  of  mercy  after  adversity  
has  touched  them,  at once  they  conspire  against  Our  verses.  
Say,  " Allah is  swifter  in  strategy."  Indeed,  Our messengers  
record  that  which  you  conspire
Sahih International
It
  is He  who  enables  you  to  travel  on  land  and  sea  until,  when
  you  are  in  ships  and they  sail  with  them  by  a  good  wind  
and  they  rejoice  therein,  there  comes  a  storm  wind and  the  
waves  come  upon  them  from  everywhere  and  they  assume  that  they
  are surrounded,  supplicating Allah ,  sincere  to  Him  in  religion,
  "If  You  should  save  us  from this,  we  will  surely  be  among  
the  thankful."
Sahih International
But
  when  He  saves  them,  at  once  they  commit  injustice  upon  the  
earth  without  right. O  mankind,  your  injustice  is  only  against  
yourselves,  [being  merely]  the  enjoyment  of worldly  life.  Then  
to  Us  is  your  return,  and  We  will  inform  you  of  what  you  
used  to  do.
Sahih International
The
  example  of  [this]  worldly  life  is  but  like  rain  which  We  
have  sent  down  from  the sky  that  the  plants  of  the  earth  
absorb  -   [those]  from  which  men  and  livestock  eat  - until,  
when  the  earth  has  taken  on  its  adornment  and  is  beautified  
and  its  people suppose  that  they  have  capability  over  it,  there
  comes  to  it  Our  command  by  night  or by  day,  and  We  make  it
  as  a  harvest,  as  if  it  had  not  flourished  yesterday.  Thus  
do  We explain  in  detail  the  signs  for  a  people  who  give  
thought.
Sahih International
And Allah invites  to  the  Home  of  Peace  and  guides  whom  He  wills  to  a  straight  path
Sahih International
For
  them  who  have  done  good  is the  best  [reward]  and  extra.  No  
darkness  will  cover their  faces,  nor  humiliation.  Those  are  
companions  of  Paradise;  they  will  abide  therein eternally
Sahih International
But
  they  who  have  earned  [blame  for]  evil  doings - the  recompense 
 of  an  evil  deed  is its  equivalent,  and  humiliation  will  cover 
 them.  They  will  have  from Allah no  protector. It  will  be  as  if
  their  faces  are  covered  with  pieces  of  the  night  -   so  dark
  [are  they]. Those  are  the  companions  of  the  Fire;  they  will  
abide  therein  eternally.
Sahih International
And
  [mention,  O  Muhammad],  the  Day  We  will  gather  them  all  
together  -   then  We  will say  to  those  who  associated  others  
with Allah ,  "[Remain  in]  your  place,  you  and  your 'partners.'  "
  Then  We  will  separate  them,  and  their  "partners"  will  say,  
"You  did  not used  to  worship  us,
Sahih International
And  sufficient  is Allah as  a  witness  between  us  and  you  that  we  were  of  your  worship unaware."
Sahih International
There,
  [on  that  Day],  every  soul will  be  put  to  trial  for  what  it 
 did  previously,  and  they will  be  returned  to Allah ,  their  
master,  the  Truth,  and  lost  from  them  is  whatever  they used  to
  invent.
Sahih International
Say,
  "Who  provides  for  you  from  the  heaven  and  the  earth?  Or  who
  controls  hearing and  sight  and  who  brings  the  living  out  of  
the  dead  and  brings  the  dead  out  of  the living  and  who  
arranges  [every]  matter?"  They  will  say,  " Allah ,"  so  say,  
"Then  will  you not  fear  Him?"
Sahih International
For  that  is Allah ,  your  Lord,  the  Truth.  And  what  can  be  beyond  truth  except  error?  So how  are  you  averted?
Sahih International
Thus
  the  word  of  your  Lord  has  come  into  effect  upon  those  who  
defiantly  disobeyed  - that  they  will  not  believe.
Sahih International
Say,
  "Are  there  of  your  'partners'  any  who  begins  creation  and  
then  repeats  it?"  Say, " Allah begins  creation  and  then  repeats  
it,  so  how  are  you  deluded?"
Sahih International
Say,
  "Are  there  of  your  'partners'  any  who  guides  to  the  truth?" 
 Say,  " Allah guides  to the  truth.  So  is  He  who  guides  to  the 
 truth  more  worthy  to  be  followed  or  he  who guides  not  unless 
 he  is  guided?  Then  what  is  [wrong]  with  you  -   how  do  you  
judge?"
Sahih International
And
  most  of  them  follow  not  except  assumption.  Indeed,  assumption 
 avails  not  against the  truth  at  all.  Indeed, Allah is  Knowing  
of  what  they  do.
Sahih International
And
  it  was  not  [possible]  for  this  Qur'an  to  be  produced  by  
other  than Allah ,  but  [it  is] a  confirmation  of  what  was  
before  it  and  a  detailed  explanation  of  the  [former] Scripture, 
 about  which  there  is  no  doubt,  from  the  Lord  of  the  worlds.
Sahih International
Or
  do  they  say  [about  the  Prophet],  "He  invented  it?"  Say,  
"Then  bring  forth  a  surah like  it  and  call  upon  [for  
assistance]  whomever  you  can  besides Allah ,  if  you  should  be 
truthful."
Sahih International
Rather,
  they  have  denied  that  which  they  encompass  not  in  knowledge  
and  whose interpretation  has  not  yet  come  to  them.  Thus  did  
those  before  them  deny.  Then observe  how  was  the  end  of  the  
wrongdoers.
Sahih International
And
  of  them  are  those  who  believe  in  it,  and  of  them  are  those
  who  do  not  believe  in  it. And  your  Lord  is  most  knowing  of 
 the  corrupters
Sahih International
And
  if  they  deny  you,  [O  Muhammad],  then  say,  "For  me  are  my  
deeds,  and  for  you  are your  deeds.  You  are disassociated  from  
what  I  do,  and  I  am  disassociated  from  what you  do."
Sahih International
And
  among  them  are  those  who  listen  to  you.  But  can  you  cause  
the  deaf  to  hear, although  they  will  not  use  reason?
Sahih International
And
  among  them  are  those  who  look  at  you.  But  can  you  guide  
the  blind  although they  will  not  [attempt  to]  see?
Sahih International
Indeed, Allah does  not  wrong  the  people  at  all,  but  it  is  the  people  who  are  wronging themselves.
Sahih International
And
  on  the  Day  when  He  will  gather  them,  [it  will  be]  as  if 
they  had  not  remained  [in the  world]  but  an  hour  of  the  day, 
 [and]  they  will  know  each  other.  Those  will  have  lost who  
denied  the  meeting  with Allah and  were  not  guided
Sahih International
And
  whether  We  show  you  some  of  what  We  promise  them,  [O  
Muhammad],  or  We take  you  in  death,  to  Us  is  their return;  
then,  [either  way], Allah is  a  witness concerning  what  they  are  
doing
Sahih International
And
  for  every  nation  is  a  messenger.  So  when  their  messenger  
comes,  it  will  be  judged between  them  in  justice,  and  they  
will  not  be  wronged
Sahih International
And  they  say,  "When  is  [the  fulfillment  of]  this  promise,  if  you  should  be  truthful?"
Sahih International
Say,
  "I  possess  not  for  myself  any  harm  or  benefit  except  what 
Allah should  will.  For every  nation  is  a  [specified]  term.  When 
 their  time  has  come,  then  they  will  not  remain behind  an  
hour,  nor  will  they  precede  [it]."
Sahih International
Say,
  "Have  you  considered:  if  His  punishment  should  come  to  you  
by  night  or  by  day - for which  [aspect]  of  it  would  the  
criminals  be  impatient?"
Sahih International
Then
  is  it  that  when  it  has  [actually]  occurred  you  will  believe 
 in  it?  Now?  And  you were  [once]  for  it  impatient
Sahih International
Then
  it  will  be  said  to  those  who  had  wronged,  "Taste  the  
punishment  of  eternity;  are you  being  recompensed  except  for  
what  you  used  to  earn?"
Sahih International
And
  they  ask  information  of  you,  [O  Muhammad],  "Is  it  true?"  
Say,  "Yes,  by  my  Lord. Indeed,  it  is  truth;  and  you  will  not 
 cause  failure  [to Allah ]."
Sahih International
And
  if  each  soul  that  wronged  had  everything  on  earth,  it  would 
 offer  it  in  ransom. And  they  will  confide  regret  when  they  
see  the  punishment;  and  they  will  be  judged  in justice,  and  
they  will  not  be  wronged
Sahih International
Unquestionably,
  to Allah belongs  whatever  is  in  the  heavens  and  the  earth. 
Unquestionably,  the  promise  of Allah is  truth,  but  most  of  them 
 do  not  know
Sahih International
O
  mankind,  there  has  to  come  to  you  instruction  from  your  Lord
  and  healing  for  what is  in  the  breasts  and  guidance  and  
mercy  for  the  believers.
Sahih International
Say,
 "In  the  bounty  of Allah and  in  His  mercy - in  that  let  them  
rejoice;  it  is  better  than what  they  accumulate."
Sahih International
Say,
  "Have  you  seen  what Allah has  sent  down  to  you  of  provision  
of  which  you  have made  [some]  lawful  and  [some]  unlawful?"  Say,
  "Has Allah permitted  you  [to  do  so],  or do  you  invent  
[something]  about Allah ?"
Sahih International
And
  what  will  be  the  supposition  of  those  who  invent  falsehood  
about Allah on  the  Day of  Resurrection?  Indeed, Allah is  full  of  
bounty  to  the  people,  but  most  of  them  are  not grateful."
Sahih International
And,
  [O  Muhammad],  you  are  not  [engaged]  in  any  matter  or  recite 
 any  of  the  Qur'an and  you  [people]  do  not  do  any  deed  except
  that  We  are  witness  over  you  when  you  are involved  in  it.  
And  not  absent  from  your  Lord  is  any  [part]  of  an  atom's  
weight  within the  earth  or  within  the  heaven  or  [anything]  
smaller  than  that  or  greater  but  that  it  is in  a  clear  
register.
Sahih International
Unquestionably,  [for]  the  allies  of Allah there  will  be  no  fear  concerning  them,  nor  will they  grieve
Sahih International
For
  them  are  good  tidings  in  the  worldly  life  and  in  the  
Hereafter.  No  change  is  there  in the  words  of Allah .  That  is  
what  is  the  great  attainment.
Sahih International
And
  let  not  their  speech  grieve  you.  Indeed,  honor  [due  to  
power]  belongs  to Allah entirely.  He  is the Hearing,  the  Knowing.
Sahih International
Unquestionably,
  to Allah belongs  whoever  is  in  the  heavens  and  whoever  is  on 
 the earth.  And  those  who  invoke  other  than Allah do  not  
[actually]  follow  [His]  "partners." They  follow  not  except  
assumption,  and  they  are  not  but  falsifying
Sahih International
It
  is  He  who  made  for  you  the  night  to  rest  therein  and  the  
day,  giving  sight.  Indeed  in that  are  signs  for  a  people  who  
listen.
Sahih International
They
  have  said,  " Allah has  taken  a  son."  Exalted  is  He;  He  is  
the  [one]  Free  of  need.  To Him  belongs  whatever  is  in  the  
heavens  and  whatever  is  in  the  earth.  You  have  no authority  
for  this  [claim].  Do  you  say  about Allah that  which  you  do  not
  know?
Sahih International
Say,  "Indeed,  those  who  invent  falsehood  about Allah will  not  succeed."
Sahih International
[For
  them  is  brief]  enjoyment  in  this  world;  then  to  Us is  their 
 return;  then  We  will make  them  taste  the  severe  punishment  
because  they  used  to  disbelieve
Sahih International
And
  recite  to  them  the  news  of  Noah,  when  he  said  to  his  
people,  "O  my  people,  if  my residence  and  my  reminding  of  the 
 signs  of Allah has  become  burdensome  upon  you  - then  I  have  
relied  upon Allah .  So  resolve  upon  your  plan  and  [call  upon]  
your associates.  Then  let  not  your  plan  be  obscure  to  you.  
Then  carry  it  out  upon  me  and do  not  give  me  respite.
Sahih International
And
 if  you  turn  away  [from  my  advice]  then  no  payment  have  I  
asked  of  you.  My reward  is  only  from Allah ,  and  I  have  been  
commanded  to  be  of  the  Muslims."
Sahih International
And
  they  denied  him,  so  We  saved  him  and  those  with  him  in  the
  ship  and  made  them successors,  and  We  drowned  those  who  
denied  Our  signs.  Then  see  how  was  the  end of  those  who  were 
 warned.
Sahih International
Then
  We  sent  after  him  messengers  to  their  peoples,  and  they  came
  to  them  with  clear proofs.  But  they  were  not  to  believe  in  
that  which  they  had  denied  before.  Thus  We seal  over  the  
hearts  of  the  transgressors
Sahih International
Then
  We  sent  after  them  Moses  and  Aaron  to  Pharaoh  and  his  
establishment  with  Our signs,  but  they  behaved  arrogantly  and  
were  a  criminal  people
Sahih International
So  when  there  came  to  them  the  truth  from  Us,  they  said,  "Indeed,  this  is  obvious magic."
Sahih International
Moses
  said,  "Do  you  say  [thus]  about  the  truth  when  it  has  come  
to  you?  Is  this magic?  But  magicians  will  not  succeed."
Sahih International
They
  said,  "Have  you  come  to  us  to  turn  us  away  from  that  upon 
 which  we  found  our fathers  and  so  that  you  two  may  have  
grandeur  in  the  land?  And  we  are  not  believers in  you."
Sahih International
So  when  the  magicians  came,  Moses  said  to  them,  "Throw  down  whatever  you  will throw."
Sahih International
And
  when  they  had  thrown,  Moses  said,  "What  you  have  brought  is 
 [only]  magic. Indeed, Allah will  expose  its  worthlessness.  Indeed,
 Allah does  not  amend  the  work  of corrupters.
Sahih International
And Allah will  establish  the  truth  by  His  words,  even  if  the  criminals  dislike  it."
Sahih International
But
  no  one  believed  Moses,  except  [some]  youths  among  his  people,
  for  fear  of  Pharaoh and  his  establishment  that  they  would  
persecute  them.  And  indeed,  Pharaoh  was haughty  within  the  land,
  and  indeed,  he  was  of  the  transgressors
Sahih International
And  Moses  said,  "O  my  people,  if  you  have  believed  in Allah ,  then  rely  upon  Him,  if  you should  be Muslims."
Sahih International
So  they  said,  "Upon Allah do  we  rely.  Our  Lord,  make  us  not  [objects  of]  trial  for  the wrongdoing  people
Sahih International
And
  We  inspired  to  Moses  and  his  brother,  "Settle  your  people  in
  Egypt  in  houses  and make  your  houses  [facing  the]  qiblah  and 
 establish  prayer  and  give  good  tidings  to  the believers."
Sahih International
And
  Moses said,  "Our  Lord,  indeed  You  have  given  Pharaoh  and  his 
 establishment splendor  and  wealth  in  the  worldly  life,  our  
Lord,  that  they may  lead [men]  astray  from Your  way. Our  Lord,  
obliterate  their  wealth  and  harden  their  hearts  so  that  they  
will not  believe  until  they  see  the  painful  punishment."
Sahih International
[
 Allah ]  said,  "Your  supplication  has  been  answered."  So  remain 
 on  a  right  course  and follow  not  the  way  of  those  who  do  
not  know."
Sahih International
And
  We  took  the  Children  of  Israel  across  the  sea,  and  Pharaoh  
and  his  soldiers pursued  them  in  tyranny  and  enmity  until,  when
  drowning  overtook  him,  he  said,  "I believe  that  there  is  no  
deity  except  that  in  whom  the  Children  of  Israel  believe,  and 
 I am  of  the  Muslims."
Sahih International
Now?  And  you  had  disobeyed  [Him]  before  and  were  of  the  corrupters?
Sahih International
So
  today  We  will  save  you  in  body  that  you  may  be  to  those  
who  succeed  you  a  sign. And  indeed,  many  among  the  people,  of 
 Our  signs,  are  heedless
Sahih International
And
  We  had  certainty  settled  the  Children  of  Israel  in  an  
agreeable  settlement  and provided  them  with  good  things.  And  
they  did  not  differ  until  [after]  knowledge  had come  to  them.  
Indeed,  your  Lord  will  judge  between  them  on  the  Day  of  
Resurrection concerning  that  over  which  they  used  to  differ
Sahih International
So
  if  you  are  in  doubt,  [O  Muhammad],  about  that  which  We  have
  revealed  to  you, then  ask  those  who  have  been  reading  the  
Scripture  before  you.  The  truth  has certainly  come  to  you  from 
 your  Lord,  so  never  be  among  the  doubters.
Sahih International
And  never  be  of  those  who  deny  the  signs  of Allah and  [thus]  be  among  the  losers.
Sahih International
Indeed,  those  upon  whom  the  word  of  your  Lord  has  come  into  effect  will  not  believe,
Sahih International
Even  if  every  sign  should  come  to  them,  until  they  see  the  painful  punishment.
Sahih International
Then
  has  there  not  been  a  [single]  city  that  believed  so  its  
faith  benefited  it  except  the people  of  Jonah?  When  they  
believed,  We  removed  from  them  the  punishment  of disgrace  in  
worldly  life  and  gave  them  enjoyment  for  a  time.
Sahih International
And
  had  your  Lord  willed,  those  on  earth  would  have  believed  -  
 all  of  them  entirely. Then,  [O  Muhammad],  would  you  compel  the
  people  in  order  that  they  become believers?
Sahih International
And
  it  is  not  for  a  soul  to  believe  except  by  permission  of 
Allah ,  and  He  will  place defilement  upon  those  who  will  not  
use  reason.
Sahih International
Say,
  "Observe  what  is  in  the  heavens  and  earth."  But  of  no  avail
  will  be  signs  or warners  to  a  people  who  do  not  believe
Sahih International
So
  do  they  wait  except  for  like  [what  occurred  in]  the  days  of
  those  who  passed  on before  them?  Say,  "Then  wait;  indeed,  I  
am  with  you  among  those  who  wait."
Sahih International
Then
  We  will  save  our  messengers  and  those  who  have  believed.  
Thus,  it  is  an obligation  upon  Us  that  We  save  the  believers
Sahih International
Say,
  [O  Muhammad],  "O  people,  if  you  are  in  doubt  as  to  my  
religion  -   then  I  do  not worship  those  which  you  worship  
besides Allah ;  but  I  worship Allah ,  who  causes  your death.  And 
 I  have  been  commanded  to  be  of  the  believers
Sahih International
And
  [commanded], 'Direct  your  face  toward  the  religion,  inclining  
to  truth,  and  never be  of  those  who  associate  others  with Allah
 ;
Sahih International
And
  do  not  invoke  besides Allah that  which  neither  benefits  you  
nor  harms  you,  for  if you  did,  then  indeed  you  would  be  of  
the  wrongdoers.'"
Sahih International
And
  if Allah should  touch  you  with  adversity, there  is  no  remover  
of  it  except  Him;  and if  He  intends  for  you  good,  then  there 
 is  no  repeller  of  His  bounty.  He  causes  it  to reach  whom  He 
 wills  of  His  servants.  And  He  is  the  Forgiving,  the  Merciful
Sahih International
Say,
  "O  mankind,  the  truth  has  come  to  you  from  your  Lord,  so  
whoever  is  guided  is only  guided  for  [the  benefit  of]  his  
soul,  and  whoever  goes  astray  only  goes  astray  [in violation]  
against  it.  And  I  am  not  over  you  a  manager." 
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